Plagiarism
COPAL Publishing is committed to deterring plagiarism (including self-plagiarism). Submissions that include text, figures, tables, or other elements that have already been published will be rejected unless permission to reuse the material has been granted by the copyright holder/s. Authors/Contributors are required to submit Plagiarism and AI Content report generated with an authenticated Plagiarism Checking software (such as Turnitin/ Drillbit) along with the paper (in case of book, for each chapter is required separately). The plagiarism percentage should not be more than 15%. AI software tools can be used for copyediting purposes, but not for copywriting.
Chapter/Paper Title
Chapter/Paper title should not be more than 10 words.
Author Details
Author/Contributor should include the following:
- Full Name
- Designation
- Department
- Institute Name
- Institute Location
- Correspondence email
Abstract
An Abstract of not less than 250 words should be given at the beginning of each chapter.
Keywords
Minimum five keywords are required. Arrange in alphabetical order
Page Limit
In case of an edited volume, the submitted chapter should be limited to max. 15 pages (including tables and figures).
Section Head Styling
Level 1: Flush Left, Bold, Title Case
- Formatting: Centered and bolded.
- Capitalization: Each major word in the heading is capitalized (Title Case).
- Text: The paragraph text begins on the line after the heading.
Level 2: Flush Left, Bold, Sentence Case
- Formatting: Bolded and aligned to the left margin (flush left).
- Capitalization: Each major word is capitalized (Title Case).
- Text: The paragraph text begins on the line after the heading.
Level 3: Flush Left, Italics, Regular, Sentence case
- Formatting: Bolded, indented from the left margin, and followed by a period.
- Capitalization: Only the first letter of the first word of the heading and any proper nouns are capitalized (Sentence case).
- Text: The paragraph text begins on the same line as the heading.
Figures
- Figures/photographs should be of minimum 300 dpi
- Try to limit the no. of figures/photographs to 10 for each chapter
- Every Figure must be cited in the text. Figures should be numbered consecutively using Arabic numerals.
- When referring to a figure in the text, write out the word "Figure" and use the number (e.g., Figure 1). A caption with the figure number and title and/or description must be included below each figure.
- Source must be mentioned after the Figure caption; Figures/Images obtained from the unauthenticated source should not be included.
Tables
Useful tables and figures do not duplicate the text; they supplement and clarify it. Because tables and figures are considerably more expensive to prepare for publication than text, please carefully consider what they add to your manuscript’s impact.
- Any table that cannot be reproduced as keyable text will be processed as a graphic. Tables in which the table body is extensive may be split into more than one piece. If necessary, COPAL Book Production will rotate the table on the page. Do not use shading or colored fonts.
- Tables must not contain the photographs.
- Every table must be cited in the text. Tables should be numbered consecutively. When referring to a table in the text, write out the word "Table" and use the number (e.g., Table 1). Each table should have a title, beginning with the word "Table", followed by a short descriptive title. Table titles should be placed immediately above the table.
- Source must be mentioned after the Table caption
- Institute Location
- Correspondence email
References
Full references mentioned in the References List must be linked to the citations in the text. For reference citations and Reference List, please check the provided style guide.
Permissions
If you reproduce, adapt or use in part tables, figures, illustrations, photos, or extensive quotations that you did not create in your chapter, you must obtain appropriate written permission and provide copies of the correspondence to COPAL. This section describes what does and does not require permission, and how to credit permitted materials in your chapter.
What Needs Permission
- Any table, diagram, or illustration (line drawing, artwork, or photograph) that you did not create.
- Any quotation (or a series of shorter quotations) totaling 400 words or more from a book or a periodical.
- Any photograph that you did not take. Additional permissions are required if a person appears in the photo.
- Anything acquired from the Internet (created by any government organisation).
- For items in the public domain, the author must provide documentation to confirm.
What Does Not Need Permission
- Data itself cannot be copyrighted, as long as the data are in a fixed, tangible medium. For example, if you convert data from text to tabular form, no permission is needed. The source of the data must be referenced.
- Chemical structures are facts and do not need to be referenced.
- Material published by the government is in the public domain and, therefore, is not subject to copyright.
- Material reproduced or adapted from COPAL’s published book chapters does not need permission as long as credit is not given to another source. However, a credit line must be included.
Obtaining Permission to Reprint Previously Published Material
The author is responsible for obtaining all necessary permissions for material they did not create. In most cases, the copyright owner is the publisher (even if you were the original author of the material you wish to reprint). Most publishers will grant permission free of charge. However, if a publisher requires any form of payment, the author are responsible for the payment.
Authors/Contributors are requested to use Mendeley for the management of references. It is free and easy to use.
Harvard Referencing Basics: Reference List
A reference list is a complete list of all the sources used when creating a piece of work. This list includes information about the sources like the author, date of publication, title of the source and more. A Harvard reference list must:
- Be on a separate sheet at the end of the document
- Be organised alphabetically by author, unless there is no author then it is ordered by the source title, excluding articles such as a, an or the
If there are multiple works by the same author these are ordered by date, if the works are in the same year they are ordered alphabetically by the title and are allocated a letter (a,b,c etc) after the date
- Be double spaced: there should be a full, blank line of space between each line of text.
- Contain full references for all in-text references used
Harvard Referencing Basics: In-Text
In-text references must be included following the use of a quote or paraphrase taken from another piece of work.
In-text references are references written within the main body of text and refer to a quote or paraphrase. They are much shorter than full references. The full reference of in-text citations appears in the reference list. In Harvard referencing, in-text citations contain the author(s)’s or editor(s)’s surname, year of publication and page number(s). Using an example author James Mitchell, this takes the form:
Mitchell (2017, p. 189) states.. Or (Mitchell, 2017, p. 189)
(Note: p. refers to a single page, pp. refers to a range of pages)
Two or Three Authors:
When citing a source with two or three authors, state all surnames like so:
Mitchell, Smith and Thomson (2017, p. 189) states… Or (Mitchell, Coyne and Thomson, 2017, p. 189)
Four or More Authors:
In this case, the first author’s surname should be stated followed by ‘et al’: Mitchell et al (2017, p. 189) states… Or (Mitchell et al, 2017, p, 189)
No Author:
If possible, use the organisation responsible for the post in place of the author. If not, use the title in italics: (A guide to citation, 2017, pp. 189-201)
Multiple Works From the Same Author in the Same Year:
If referencing multiple works from one author released in the same year, the works are allocated a letter (a, b, c etc) after the year. This allocation is done in the reference list so is done alphabetically according to the author's surname and source title:
(Mitchell, 2017a, p. 189) or Mitchell (2017b, p. 189)
Citing Multiple Works in One Parentheses:
List the in-text citations in the normal way but with semicolons between different references:
(Mitchell, 2017, p. 189; Smith, 200; Andrews, 1989, pp. 165-176)
Citing Different Editions of the Same Work in One Parentheses:
Include the author(s)’s name only once followed by all the appropriate dates separated by semicolons:
Mitchell (2010; 2017) states… Or (Mitchell, 2010; 2017)
Citing a Reference With No Date:
In this case simply state 'no date' in place of the year: (Mitchell, no date, p. 189).
Citing a Secondary Source:
In this case, state the reference you used first followed by ‘cited in’ and the original author:
Smith 2000 (cited in Mitchell, 2017, p. 189) or (Smith, 2000, cited in Mitchell, 2017, p. 189)
How to Cite Different Source Types:
- In-text citations remain quite constant across source types, unless mentioned explicitly, assume the in-text citation uses the rules stated above
- Reference list references vary quite a lot between sources.
How to Cite a Book in Harvard Format
Book referencing is the simplest format in Harvard referencing style. The basic format is as follows:
Book Referencing Example:
Mitchell, J.A. and Thomson, M. (2017) A guide to citation. 3rd edn. London: London Publishings.
How to Cite an Edited Book in Harvard Format:
Edited books are collations of chapters written by different authors. Their reference format is very similar to the book reference except instead of the author name, the editor name is used followed by (eds.) to distinguish them as an editor. The basic format is:
Editor surname(s), initial(s). (eds.) (Year Published). Title. Edition. Place of publication: publishers Edited Book Example:William, S.T. (eds.) (2015) Referencing: a guide to citation rules. New York: My Publisher
How to Cite a Chapter in an Edited Book in Harvard Format
For citing chapters, you need to add the chapter author and chapter title to the reference. The basic format is as follows:
Chapter in an Edited Book Example:
Troy B.N. (2015) ‘Harvard citation rules’ in Williams, S.T. (ed.) A guide to citation rules. New York: NY Publishers, pp. 34-89.
In-Text Citations: Chapter in an Edited Book
Use the chapter author surname, not the editor.
How to Cite an E-Book in Harvard Format
To reference an e-book, information about its collection, location online and the date it was accessed are needed as well as author name, title and year of publishing:
If the e-book is accessed via an e-book reader the reference format changes slightly:
Author surname(s), initial(s). (Year Published). Title. Edition. E-book format [e-book reader]. Available at URL or DOI (Accessed: day month year)
This includes information about the e-book format and reader, for instance this could be 'Kindle e-book [e-book reader]'.
E-Book Example:
Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M. and Coyne, R.P. (2017) A guide to citation. E-book library [online]. Available at: https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-manager
(Accessed: 10 September 2016)
How to Cite a Journal Article in Harvard Format:
The basic format to cite a journal article is:
Journal Article Example
Mitchell, J.A. ‘How citation changed the research world’, The Mendeley, 62(9), p70-81.
Journal Article Online Example
Mitchell, J.A. ‘How citation changed the research world’, The Mendeley, 62(9) [online]. Available at: https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-manager
(Accessed: 15 November 2016)
How to Cite a Newspaper Article in Harvard Format
Citing a newspaper article is similar to citing a journal article except, instead of the volume and issue number, the edition and date of publication are needed:
Author surname(s), initial(s). (Year) ‘Article Title’, Newspaper Title (edition), day month, page number(s).
Note: edition is used only where applicable.
Newspaper Article Example:
Mitchell, J.A. (2017) ‘Changes to citation formats shake the research world’, The Mendeley Telegraph (Weekend edition), 6 July, pp.9-12.
How to Cite an Online Journal or Newspaper Article in Harvard Format
To cite an online journal or newspaper article, the page numbers section from the print journal or newspaper reference is swapped with the URL or DOI the article can be accessed from and when it was accessed. So the reference for an online journal article is:
Author surname(s), initial(s). (Year) ‘Title of article’, Title of journal, volume(issue/season) [online]. Available at: URL or DOI (Accessed: day month year)
And the reference for an online newspaper article is:
Author surname(s), initial(s). (Year) ‘Article Title’, Newspaper Title (edition), day month [online]. Available at: URL or DOI (Accessed: day month year)
How to Cite Non-Print Material in Harvard Format
How to Cite an Online Photograph in Harvard Format
The basic format is as follows: Photograph surname, initial. (Year of publication) Title of photograph [online]. Available at: URL (Accessed: day month year)
Online Photograph Example:
Millais, J.E. (1851-1852) Ophelia [online]. Available at: www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/millais-ophelia-n01506 (Accessed: 21 June 2014)
How to Cite a Film in Harvard Format
The basic format to cite a film is:
Film Example:
Rear Window (1954) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock [Film]. Los Angeles: Paramount Pictures.
How to Cite a TV Programme in Harvard Format
The basic format for citing a TV programme is as follows:
TV Programme Example:
'Fly' (2010) Breaking Bad, Series 2, episode 10. AMC, 23 May 2010.
How to Cite Music in Harvard Format
The basic format to cite an album is as follows:
Music Example:
Beyonce (2016) Lemonade [Visual Album] New York: Parkwood Records. Available at: https://www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/ (Accessed: 17 February 2016).
How to Cite a Website in Harvard Format
The basic format to cite a website is:
Author surname(s), initial(s). (Year of publishing) Title of page/site [Online[. Available at: URL (Accessed: day month year)
Website Example:
Mitchell, J.A. (2017) How and when to reference [Online]. Available at: https://www.howandwhentoreference.com/ (Accessed: 27 May 2017)
To learn more about citing a web page and entire websites in APA, MLA or Harvard check out How to Cite a Website post.
For a summary of all the references for each source type along with examples take a look at our Ultimate Citation Cheat Sheet. It also contains examples for MLA 8 and APA formats.
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